JDSE
Journal of Dental Sciences and Education

The Journal of Dental Sciences and Education deals with General Dentistry, Pediatric Dentistry, Restorative Dentistry, Orthodontics, Oral diagnosis and DentomaxilloFacial Radiology, Endodontics, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Oral Implantology, Dental Education and other dentistry fields and accepts articles on these topics. Journal of Dental Science and Education publishes original research articles, review articles, case reports, editorial commentaries, letters to the editor, educational articles, and conference/meeting announcements.

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Original Article
The effects of cigarette smoking on gingival phenotype and clinical periodontal parameters
Abstract
Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of smoking on the gingival phenotype and to investigate the relationship between gingival thickness, keratinized gingival width, and clinical periodontal parameters in smokers.
Methods: The study included a total of 30 voluntary participants, comprising 15 smokers and 15 non-smokers. Periodontal parameters such as gingival thickness (GT), width of keratinized gingiva (KGW), Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), Probing Depth (PD), and Bleeding on Probing (BOP) were evaluated in the maxillary anterior and first molar regions. Gingival thickness was measured using a digital caliper (±0.01 mm precision) by inserting an endodontic spreader perpendicularly to the alveolar bone at 2 mm apical to the gingival margin. The width of keratinized gingiva was determined by measuring the distance from the marginal edge to the mucogingival junction at the mid-buccal area using an endodontic spreader and digital caliper.
Results: In the smoking group, the values of gingival thickness and keratinized gingival width were found to be significantly higher compared to the non-smoking group (p<0.001 and p<0.05, respectively). PI was also significantly higher in the smoking group (p<0.05). However, no significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of the GI, PD and BOP values (p>0.05).
Conclusion: The findings indicate that smoking increases gingival thickness and plaque accumulation, negatively impacting gingival structure and function. Despite a thick and fibrotic appearance, the tissue may have poor vascularization and healing. These results highlight the importance of considering smoking history in periodontal treatment planning.

Keywords : Gingival phenotype, periodontal health, smoking

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Ethical Statement

This study was approved by the İnönü University Non-interventional Clinical Researches Ethics Committee (Date: 18.11.2025, Decision No: 2025/8571).

Informed Consent

Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants prior to their inclusion in the study. Participants were fully informed about the study’s aims, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and their rights-including the right to withdraw at any time without consequence. All participants voluntarily signed a written informed consent form.

Author Contributions

Concept: ÜGÖ, VET; Design: ÜGÖ, VET; Control: ÜGÖ, VET; Resources: ÜGÖ, VET; Materials: ÜGÖ, VET; Data Collection and/or Processing: ÜGÖ, VET; Analysis and/or Interpretation: ÜGÖ, VET; Literature Review: ÜGÖ, VET; Writing the Article: ÜGÖ, VET; Critical Review: ÜGÖ, VET.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflicts of interest related to this study.

Financial Disclosure

The authors received no financial support for the conduct or publication of this research.


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Article available in :
Volume 4, Issue 4, 2026
Page : 141-145
https://doi.org/10.51271/JDSE-0089
Article Information
Received : 05 May 2026
Accepted : 31 Ağu 2026
Published : 28 Eki 2026
Corresponding Author :

Ümmü Gülsüm Öğe: Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, İnönü University, Malatya, Turkiye

[email protected]
Citation : Öğe ÜG, Toy VE. The effects of cigarette smoking on gingival phenotype and clinical periodontal parameters. J Dent Sci Educ. 2026;4(4):141-145. doi:10.51271/JDSE-0089

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